टीका

Commentary

Arjuna, the exemplary student, asks three highly pertinent questions that crystallize the practical concerns of any sincere seeker. After hearing that one can transcend the three modes and attain the divine nature, Arjuna wants to know how this looks in practice.

His first question is about identification: kair lingaih — by what signs or symptoms can one recognize a person who has transcended the three modes? This is a natural and important inquiry. Arjuna wants to know the visible markers of a liberated soul so that seekers can identify such persons and learn from them, and so that aspirants can measure their own progress.

His second question concerns conduct: kim aachaarah — what is the behavior of such a person? How does a transcendent soul act in daily life? Does he withdraw from all activity? Does he engage with the world differently? This question reveals Arjuna’s practical orientation — he wants to understand not just the theory but the lived reality of transcendence.

His third question addresses the method: katham cha etaan treen gunaan ativartate — how does one actually transcend the three modes? This is the most important question of all, because knowing the signs and behavior is useful, but knowing the process is essential for anyone who wishes to follow the path. Krishna’s answers to all three questions, which follow in the subsequent verses, form one of the most practical and important passages in the entire Gita.