Commentary

Commentary

Having categorized food and sacrifice according to the three modes, Krishna now turns to austerity (tapas). He begins with austerity of the body — the most visible and tangible form of discipline. Bodily austerity consists of six practices.

First, poojanam — worship of and respect for the Supreme Lord, brahmanas, the spiritual master, and wise elders such as parents and teachers. One should learn to bow before God, before qualified brahmanas, before the guru, and before those advanced in Vedic knowledge. This external act of humility purifies the body and trains it in service.

Second, shaucham — cleanliness and purity, both external and internal. One should practice cleanliness of body and simplicity of conduct. Third, aarjavam — straightforwardness. The body should not be used for deception or pretense; one’s actions should be honest and transparent.

Fourth, brahmacharyam — celibacy or sexual continence. In the Vedic system, this means restraining sexual activity to within the bounds sanctioned by scripture — within marriage, for the purpose of progeny. Outside these bounds, celibacy is the standard. The shastras permit sexual union only within marriage; this constitutes brahmacharya.

Fifth, ahimsaa — nonviolence. The body should not be used to cause harm to any living being. All five of these practices together constitute the austerity of the body. They are the foundation upon which the subtler austerities of speech and mind are built.