Yayaa dharmam adharmam cha kaaryam chaakaryam eva cha | Ayathaavat prajaanaati buddhih saa paartha raajasee ||31||
Translation
O Partha, that intellect which cannot correctly distinguish between dharma and adharma, between what should and should not be done — that intellect is in the mode of passion.
Word-by-Word Meaning
यया
by which
धर्मम्
dharma/duty
अधर्मम्
adharma/irreligion
च
and
कार्यम्
what should be done
च
and
अकार्यम्
what should not be done
एव
certainly
च
and
अयथावत्
imperfectly/incorrectly
प्रजानाति
knows/understands
बुद्धिः
intellect
सा
that
पार्थ
O Partha
राजसी
in the mode of passion
Commentary
Commentary
Rajasic intellect has the same categories of knowledge as sattvic intellect — it thinks about dharma and adharma, about what should and should not be done — but it gets them confused. The critical word is ayathaavat — “not as they truly are,” imperfectly, incorrectly.
This is not the total darkness of tamasic intellect. The rajasic person does think about right and wrong. They do try to figure out what to do. But their judgment is clouded by personal desire, attachment, and self-interest. They may know that lying is wrong, but convince themselves that “this particular lie” is justified. They may understand the principle of non-violence, but find reasons to make exceptions when it suits them.
Rajasic intellect is particularly dangerous because it provides just enough sophistication to construct elaborate rationalizations. The person in passion is not simply ignorant — they are mistaken, which is worse. They believe they are right, and their cleverness gives them confidence in their errors.
This type of intellect cannot properly distinguish between duty and personal desire, between genuine dharma and self-serving rationalization. It accepts what is adharma as dharma and confuses non-duty with duty. Such imperfect discrimination is the hallmark of rajasic intellect.
Frequently Asked Questions
- What does Bhagavad Gita 18.31 mean?
- O Partha, that intellect which cannot correctly distinguish between dharma and adharma, between what should and should not be done — that intellect is in the mode of passion.
- What is the Sanskrit text of Bhagavad Gita 18.31?
- The original Sanskrit verse is: Yayaa dharmam adharmam cha kaaryam chaakaryam eva cha | Ayathaavat prajaanaati buddhih saa paartha raajasee ||31||
- What are the key themes of this verse?
- This verse explores: intellect, three modes, passion, rajas, confusion, dharma.