टीका

Commentary

After describing the pure devotees in verses 13-14, Krishna now acknowledges a broader spectrum of worship. Not everyone approaches the Divine in the same way, and this verse is remarkably inclusive — it recognizes multiple valid paths of worship, all ultimately directed toward Krishna.

Jnana-Yajna — The Sacrifice of Knowledge

Gnyaana-yagnyena — through the sacrifice of knowledge. This refers to those who worship God through the cultivation of spiritual understanding. Their worship is not through rituals or songs primarily, but through deep inquiry, study, and contemplation. This is the path of the philosopher, the contemplative, the seeker who approaches the Divine through understanding.

Three Modes of Worship

Krishna identifies three categories among these knowledge-worshippers:

Ekatvena — those who worship God as one with themselves. These are the non-dualists (Advaitins) who see the individual soul and the Supreme as ultimately identical. They worship through the recognition: “I am Brahman.”

Prithaktvena — those who worship God as separate. These are the dualists who maintain the distinction between the worshipper and the worshipped, seeing the Lord as the Supreme Person whom they serve in loving devotion.

Vishvatomukham — those who worship the universal form. These see the Divine everywhere — in every face, every being, every element of creation. The entire cosmos is the body of God.

The Breadth of Krishna’s Acceptance

This verse is a summary of the previous verses. Krishna tells Arjuna that those who are not pure devotees also worship Him in various ways. Some of them are the distressed, the curious, the seekers of knowledge, and the wise. But even among those who do not attain the status of mahatma, they still worship Krishna in different forms. This is remarkably generous — even imperfect or incomplete worship, if sincere, is recognized.

The Underlying Unity

Whether one worships the formless Absolute, the personal God, or the cosmic totality — all of these are ultimately aspects of Krishna. The forms differ, but the destination converges. This is one of the Gita’s most ecumenical teachings.